A Proud Member of the Reality-Based Community

Acknowledgements

SEARCH eRiposte!



TAX POLICY - CORPORATE TAXES/WELFARE MYTHS v. REALITIES

 

The Truths behind Corporate Income Taxes and 
Corporate Welfare 

In our companion page, we examined some of the myths about the poor paying "too little" in taxes, that the middle class is paying historically high taxes, and how the rich in this country are also "overtaxed".

For a couple of reasons we should also examine how America's corporations are faring tax-wise. Firstly, one of the things we hear is how it would help the economy and help businesses if we reduce their tax burden. Second, since complaints from some Conservatives seem to be are that the poor in America "live on welfare" and represent a drain on society, it is instructive to examine how much welfare America's big corporations get. Our findings are that:
a. Corporate taxes in the United States are essentially near multi-decade lows.
b. Corporate welfare is astonishing high and represents ~3 times the welfare for poor individuals.

In the following, we present some snippets on this issue, based on data from:
1. ITEP Study of Corporate Income Taxes in the 1990s, also as reported by Steven Taub, CFO.com
2. Citizens for Tax Justice Study of Corporate Welfare, April 2002 - PDF
3. OMB Watch, Mar 2000
4. Citizens for Tax Justice 

Reference Item Data/Figures (click on figures to enlarge) Comments
2, 3 Facts on
Individual vs.
Corporate 
Welfare
Fact I : Spending for corporate welfare programs outweighs 
spending for low-income programs
by more than 
three to one: $167 billion to $51.7 billion 
(source: Aid for Dependent Corporations, from the 
Corporate Welfare Project and How Much Do We Spend 
on Welfare?,
from the Center on Budget and 
Policy Priorities
, FY 95 figures).

(Ref. 3: This year's corporate welfare figures are ~
$170 Billion)

Fact II: Total federal spending on a safety net for 
the poor costs the average taxpayer about 
$400 a year, while spending on corporate welfare 
programs costs the same taxpayer about 
$1400 a year
. (source: CBO figures)

-
2, 3 Facts on
Individual vs.
Corporate 
Welfare

Fact III: Over 90% of the budget cuts passed by the 
last Congress (1996? -ed.) cut spending for the poor
 

-- programs that ensure food for the needy, 
housing for the homeless, job training for 
the unemployed, community health care for 
the sick. (source: Center on Budget and 
Policy Priorities, Bearing Most of the Burden, 1996).

Fact IV: Only 3.9% of total federal outlays (as 
of 1996? - ed.
) go to programs that solely 
benefit poor people
.

-
2, 3 Facts on
Individual vs.
Corporate 
Welfare

Welfare programs for corporations do not 
play by the same rules as welfare for people.
 
Welfare benefits for individuals and families are limited 
by strict eligibility requirements and time limits, while 
corporations get corporate welfare benefits regardless 
of wealth or accountability.

Fact V: Individuals and families must demonstrate need 
to receive benefits, while corporations with billions 
of dollars in annual income remain on the federal dole
.

Fact VI: Most social spending is in the form of 
discretionary spending, which is scrutinized in 
the annual budget negotiating process in 
Congress
; most corporate welfare programs are in 
the form of tax expenditures, which go on and 
on since they are not subject to annual review 
by Congress
.

-
1 Tax Rates of 250 
Major U.S. 
Corporations
1996-1998
(a) A great majority of the 250 
major U.S. corporations paid 
much less than the statutory 
35% corporate tax

(b) A large number of companies 
making a lot of profits actually
got tax rebates!

See Ref. 1 (page 11) for the 
reasons why these companies 
got these tax breaks

1 24 companies that 
paid NO Federal 
Income Tax in 
1998
Note that these companies 
made a total pre-tax profit of 
$11.9 Billion and they got a 
total tax rebate of 
$1.27 billion
(instead of 
paying any taxes!)
1 Tax rates by 
Industry
1996-1998
Note that the oil industry was
the biggest benefactor of tax 
rebates during this time period

followed by electronics, paper,
transportation, motor vehicles/
parts, pharmaceuticals

(other than electronics - which we 
will mention in a moment, do
the other industries seem
exceedingly unsurprising?)

1 Stock options 
related tax 
reductions 
1996-1998
Note that computer related 
companies and pharmaceutical
companies were the biggest 
beneficiaries of tax reductions due
to stock option awards
(while
simultaneously not having to 
officially report lower earnings to
Wall Street because of stock 
option expensing)

(Disclosure: we own stock options
and will be negatively affected by
laws that require stock option
expensing)

1 Historical trend
of effective 
corporate income
tax rates
Trends show decrease in the 
late 90s.
1 Corporate Income
taxes as a share
of total Income 
Taxes collected 
in the U.S.
Corporate income taxes are very 
low relative to total income taxes 
collected.
2 Corporate taxes
relative to U.S.
GDP
Corporate taxes relative to the U.S.
GDP are near multi-decade lows. 
Note, as we captured in our
companion page
, tax/GDP ratios
are useful in isolation but 
overestimate actual tax burdens.
- Taxes on 
dividends
The usual argument is that corporate dividends 
are "double taxed" and that therefore this 
"double-taxation" should be eliminated. Indeed, one of 
the proposed future tax cuts is in this context
(also see
here).

The "double taxation" argument is in reality a myth
As pointed out by Daniel Gross:
"...The chief argument of those who advocate eliminating 
taxes on dividends is that they are subject to "double 
taxation." Shareholders pay taxes on dividends 
at the rate their ordinary income is taxed. And 
corporations cannot deduct dividends from 
their taxable income, meaning they pay taxes on them, too. 
Does that mean that dividends are double taxed? Only 
if you subscribe to the belief that corporations don't 
pay taxes, people do. Under this theory, since a company's 
profits are ultimately distributed to owners and 
shareholders in some form—dividends, profit sharing, 
salaries, or capital gains—any tax on corporate 
income, or any limits on the deductibility of 
items from taxable income, in effect taxes the same 
dollar of profits twice...
But the double-taxation argument reflects a flawed 
understanding of what corporations do and why 
they are formed. Corporations are distinct entities. 
They are not merely passive conduits of cash. They 
are legal beings, chartered by states to perform certain 
objectives. They possess all sorts of prerogatives, rights, 
and protections not afforded to individuals. That's why 
people form corporations, and that's why it 
is just for corporations to pay taxes on their income.

As Dean Baker points out in TomPaine.com
"...Proponents of a tax preference for dividend income 
have pushed the notion that the taxation of dividend 
income amounts to double taxation. The basis for this 
claim is that corporate profits are subject to the corporate 
income tax. Since dividends are paid out of profits, the 
argument is that the personal income tax paid on dividend 
income amounts to a second tax on corporate profits.
This
 logic is dubious for two reasons. First, there is a legal and 
logical distinction between the corporation as an 
entity and the individual shareholders who own 
the firm. Second, the tax rates currently in place were 
set with the knowledge that there was both a corporate 
and individual income tax. This means that if there is a moral 
objection to "double taxation" then the appropriate remedy 
would also require an increase in the corporate income tax..."

-


  
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Hit Counter